Agenda

• What is Android?
• Android Architecture (Platform challenges, OS Layers, Dalvic / ART, Dex Files)
• Developer Toolchain (Android Studio, ADB)
• Android Development Basics

What is Android?

1 What is Android?

• Operating System for
  • ...
  • ...
  • ...

2 What is Android?

• Operating System for ...
  • Smartphones
  • Tablets
  • Smart Watches
  • Smart TVs
  • Infotainment Systems
  • Android Automotive
  • Or more general: Embedded Systems

3 Short Android History

• July 2005: Google acquires Android Inc.
• 5. November 2007: Open Handset Alliance established
• 21. October 2008: Google publishes the Android source code (Apache 2.0 License)
• 2. February 2009: T-Mobile G1 / HTC Dream is first available Android hardware in Germany
• February 2011: Motorola Xoom: First Tablet with Android 3.0 (Honeycomb)
• 19. October 2011: Release of Ice Cream Sandwich (ICS, 4.0) on Samsung Galaxy Nexus
• 9. July 2012: Release of Jelly Bean (4.1 - 4.3.1) and Google Nexus 7 Tablet
• 12. November 2014: Release of Lollipop (5.0 - 5.1.1) intrtoducing responsive design language material design
• 5. October 2015: Release of Marshmallow (6.0 - 6.0.1), USB-C support, contextual search from keywords in apps, app permissions
• 22. August 2016: Release of Nougat (7.0 - 7.1.2), support for file based encryption
• 21. August 2017: Release of Oreo (8.0 - 8.1), project treble
• 6. August 2018: Release of Pie (9.0)
• 3. September 2019: Release of Android 10, dark mode
• 8. September 2020: Release of Android 11, 5G support, advanced notifications
• 4. October 2021: Release of Android 12, Easier Wi-Fi Sharing, Material You as an update of Material Design
• 15. August 2022: Release of Android 13, Apps are now required to request permission from the user before they are able to send notifications., Support for Bluetooth LE Audio

4 What comes with Android?

• Basic system tools, e.g. dialer, address book...
• Media support: H.265 HEVC MP4, MP3, WebM, PNG, JEPG...
• Messaging: SMS, MMS
• Connectivity: Wi-Fi, GSM/EDGE, UMTS, LTE, 5G, Bluetooth, NFC
• 2D/3D graphics (OpenGL)
• Multitasking
• Additional Hardware: Camera, GPS, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer...

Android Architecture

1 Android Platform Challenges

• Small / cheap devices with
  • Low processing power
  • Little memory
  • Battery driven
  • Slow or missing network connectivity
• Various hardware (Smartphone, Tablet, Watch, Infotainment, TV, car, exotic devices, thousands of brands)
  • Requires platform abstraction

3 Dalvik VM / ART Optimizations

See: http://sites.google.com/site/io/dalvik-vm-internals

4 Dex File Format

Android Developer Toolchain

1 Android Studio Contains

• Android SDK
  • Android APIs
  • AVD Manager & Emulator
  • Android Development Tools
    • adb (Android Debug Bridge)
    • dx (.class -> .dex)
    • aapt (Android Asset Packaging Tool)
• Android NDK
• Download here

2 Android Debug Bridge (adb)

• Terminal tool to connect to a device
  • Find it at (on macOS): /Users/\<user>/Library/Android/sdk/platform-tools
• open shell on emulator

adb -e shell 

• copy file/dir to device

adb push \<local> \<remote>

• copy file/dir from device

adb pull \<remote> \[\<local>]

• Install package

adb install \<file>

Android Development Basics

• The Manifest
• User Interface Layout Files
• Resources (Strings, Images, etc.)
• Support Libraries
• Android Build Process

1 Android Manifest

• It names the Java package for the application (unique identifier for the app)
• It describes the components of the application (e.g. activities, services, etc.) and names the classes that implement them
• Defines the Intent messages that they can handle
• Declares the permissions
• It declares the minimum level of the Android API that the application requires.
• It lists the libraries that the application must be linked against.
• ...

1.1 Android Manifest Structure

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest>
    <uses-permission />
    <application>
        <activity>
            <intent-filter>
                <action />
                <category />
                <data />
            </intent-filter>
            <meta-data />
        </activity>
         <service>
            <intent-filter> ... </intent-filter>
            <meta-data/>
        </service>
    </application>
</manifest>

1.2 Android Manifest Example

2 Android Layouts

• Define the visual structure for a user interface (Activity)
• Instantiate layout elements at runtime by creating View objects programmatically
• Layouts can be declared in XML (usual way to do it):

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/textView"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="TextView"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Button"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/textView" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

3 Android Layouts

• UI components are organized in ViewGroup and View objects
  • Views are for example TextView, Button, etc.
  • ViewGroups are for example ConstraintLayout, LinearLayout, RelativeLayout, RecyclerView, etc.
• Thus UI components form a hierarchical structure that can be nested als needed
  • ViewGroups can contain Views and other ViewGroups

Design Pattern Hint: Composite

4 Android Layouts

• When compiling the application each XML layout file is compiled into a View resource
• In your Activity class you need to load the layout resource:

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
    
    // ...

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

        // ...
    }
    
    // ...
}

5 Android Layouts

• Every View and ViewGroup object supports own attributes
• Most important Attributes are ID and layout parameters:

<Button
   android:id="@+id/my_button"
   android:layout_width="wrap_content"
   android:layout_height="wrap_content"
   android:text="@string/my_button_text"/>

• android:id allows to identify the component from Java code after layout initialization:

val button = findViewById<Button>(R.id.my_button)

Note: findViewById is an expensive operation and should be used with care. Modern ways optimize the usage of findViewById and provide alternative ways to reference elements in layouts via data binding and view binding.

6 Android Layouts

• Layout parameters define positioning and size of the component when rendered

• ViewGroup class implements nested class that extends ViewGroup.LayoutParams that define the size and position for each child view

  

• wrap_content tells your view to size itself to the dimensions required by its content

• match_parent tells your view to become as big as its parent view group will allow

7 Android Layouts

8 Android Layouts

• Attributes can be used to reference other resources such as strings (@string) and images (@drawable):

<Button
    android:id="@+id/button"
    android:layout_width="113dp"
    android:layout_height="101dp"
    android:background="@drawable/ic_input_add"
    android:text="@string/button_text" />

9 Resource Types and Directories

• Resources can be strings, images, styles, colors, layouts, other data ...
• Each project contains resources in the /res folder where they are grouped by types
  • strings are in /res/values/strings.xml
  • icons are in /res/drawable
  • images in /res/mipmap
  • layouts are in /res/layout

10 Resource Qualifiers

• Problem: Many different Android devices with different screen sizes and resolutions exist
• Thus, there must be a possibility to define different resources depending on the screen size and resolution of a device
• Resource qualifiers allow us to define which resource should be used for which device type and Android will automatically use the right one

11 Resource Qualifiers

• Resources can be device specific by using resource qualifiers
• To specify configuration-specific alternatives for a set of resources:

1. Create a new directory in res/ named in the form <resources_name>-<config_qualifier>

   • <resources_name> is the directory name of the corresponding default resources
   • <qualifier> is a name that specifies an individual configuration for which these resources are to be used
   • More than one qualifier can be appended, but the order must be correct

2. Save the respective alternative resources in this new directory. The resource files must be named exactly the same as the default resource files

12 Resource Qualifiers

• Example for default and alternative resources:

res/
    drawable/   
        icon.png
        background.png    
    drawable-hdpi/  
        icon.png
        background.png 

• The hdpi qualifier indicates that the resources in that directory are for devices with a high-density screen.
  • The screen sizes and densities can be used as configuration qualifiers to provide different layouts and bitmap resources
• A list of valid configuration qualifier names can be found here

13 Density Independent Design

14 Density Independent Design

• Sizes of view components should be defined in Density Independent Pixels (dp) in order to always get the best results.

  More information here.

15 Density Independent Design

• A density independent pixel (dp) describes the size of a UI element in a density independent manner
• At 160ppi, one dp corresponds to one physical pixel (px)
• For devices with densities other than 160ppi, the dp values are converted with the help of the densityFactor
• The densityFactor describes the device's physical density in relation to the default density of 160ppi
• To guarantee optimal UI quality, bitmap drawables for different physical densities have to be supplied
• Obtaining the densityFactor at runtime:

val densityFactor = resources.displayMetrics.density

16 The R Class

• Mapping between resources in files and Java code is realized by using the R.java file
  • It is generated by Android with each build
  • It contains references to resources in the different XML files

public final class R {
    
    // ...
    
    public static final class layout {
        public static final int activity_main = 0x7f030000;
    }

    public static final class mipmap {
        public static final int ic_launcher = 0x7f020000;
        public static final int ic_launcher_round = 0x7f020001;
    }

    public static final class string {
        public static final int ButtonText = 0x7f050000;
        public static final int app_name = 0x7f050001;
    }
}

17 The R Class

• For every Layout and each String a resource ID is generated
• For widgets such as a Button a resource ID is only generated if the attribute android:id is added to it

<Button
    android:id="@+id/button"
    ... />

18 AndroidX and Support Libraries

• Problem: Still many older Android versions are in use, so how can we develop apps using the latest features and providing those to older Android versions at the same time?
• Solution: Use Jetpack's AndroidX libraries
  • Provides backward compatible versions of Android framework APIs
  • comprises the Android Jetpack libraries

Note: AndroidX is the successor of the deprecated Android Support Libraries. The usage of the old Android Support Libraries is not recommended anymore for most of the projects.

19 AndroidX and Support Libraries

• The usage of the AndroidX library is unavoidable if one wants to support older Android versions and increase the amount of supported devices. Therefore, the usage of AndroidX is considered as best practice and thus Android Studio templates usually include them in the project templates
  • E.g. the AppCompatActivity class is the default class used for Activities that want to make use of the new Material Design features (introduced with API level 21)

20 Android Build Process

21 Android Build Process

• The build configuration is defined in build.gradle/build.gradle.kts files
• Gradle files are written in Groovy (a Domain Specific Language) or Kotlin DSL (aka. KTS)
  • In the future, KTS will be preferred
• The build files are automatically generated by Android Studio based on sensible defaults
• Find more information here: https://developer.android.com/studio/build

22 Summary

• Android is an open-source OS based on an embedded Linux kernel
• It runs on numerous types of devices and is not only designed for Smartphones
• Android Apps are written in Kotlin / Java but are optimized during build and installation time to run in an ARM optimized VM called Dalvik VM / ART (since 5.0)
• Android uses an XML format in order to define resources and UI elements, separating UI design and program logic
• In order to access resources from Java code the R.java file is generated on each build

23 Recap Questions

• What are the key procedures that are used in the Android Runtime to optimize the execution of code in a Virtual Machine?
• Why is XML used to define the layout of views and definition of strings and other resources for Android?
• What is the role of R-class on Android? By whom and when is the class created?
• What are resource qualifiers used for?